Rita and Sue Escaping Constraints of Class and Gender Backgrounds Essay

Rita and Sue Escaping Constraints of Class and Gender Backgrounds - Essay Example As the paper outlines the next scene is Sue and Rita going to Bob’s house to baby-sit. Also early in the firm, Sue works for a taxi company where she meets Aslam. Again these depict the feminine response to the changing economic and social circumstances of the period. Instead of females staying at home and males going out to work, Rita and Sue are escaping the traditional gender expectation that they assume domestic roles. In another scene, Sue derides Aslam. She first insinuates that being Pakki or Asian is beneath her class, and then makes up her mind that since Aslam is a man he’d probably be no different from all other men, which passes judgment on the growing emasculation of the males of her time. The use of profanity throughout the film is another form of escape. Vulgar language is freely used by males and females alike. For the females, use of such language is gender freedom from previous eras when men silence women. The girls’ sauciness is also a form of rebellion against conformity, an underclass characteristic which have tends to prevent its members from rising above their class.

Cherrie Morag Heroes And Saints Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Cherrie Morag Heroes And Saints - Essay Example Heroes and saints represent horrible epidemics of incurable diseases birth defects among other problems that a small farming town faced; this was caused by the spraying of a pesticide that resulted in a great suffering among the people. These Political injustices arose in the American system of governance. The play seeks to sound a message to the present people that they should not count on other people, to bring changes, but should demand the help. People must learn to come together, and fight for their basic rights. This can only be achieved if the oppressed come together, and in one voice demand, their rights and this will lead to the eventual attainment of happiness and liberty. The race takes precedence in the play, once one was recognized as a Latino he or, she was taken to have a sort of disability. Race and disability are both identities that are interstitial and simultaneous. In this play, Moraga makes use of disability as a metaphor and phenomenal frame for economic oppress ion, gender, and racial discrimination. Felipe Franco is a character used by Moraga in this play, the mother to Felipe worked in the fields poisoned by pesticides when she was pregnant, due to this Felipe was born with no limbs. Here, what is seen is the use of disability put forward in lived reality and used as a metaphor dissipating oppression. An environmental justice group identified race to be a very powerful factor when it comes to the public’s exposure to toxicity. Pesticides tend to focus on the female reproductive system resulting.

HIV/AIDS: Stigma and discrimination

HIV/AIDS: Stigma and discrimination Stigma and discrimination face by people living with HIV/AIDS It has been defined by Roura et al., (2009) that the stigma associated with a precise kind of relationship between the behvaiours, perceptions and stereotypes is concerned with a deep sense of social deprivation. Despite the fact, that the concept of stigma is around 40 years old, it has been much researched on and is widely used to draw implications both in social and cultural contexts. All societies have imparted convictions and implications which help them translate encounters and conduct. Implanted inside that framework are the regulations based on which is to be demonized and who is definitely not. Despite the fact that these guidelines may contrast from society to society, shame is for the most part considered an adverse, moral or judgemental meaning of an individual or social circumstance, regularly joined with disparaging, disrespect, fault, and attribution of obligation regarding the condition. Disgrace is not just connected to persons with undesirable physical properties. A great many people are acutely mindful that persons with undesirable characteristics, whether physical, mental or passionate, are effectively and immediately defamed. In British society, a great many people will concur that individuals are obviously disparaged on the premise of their race, society, financial status, sex and age. Notwithstanding, the presence of disgrace can be more treacherous when connected to those with physical and dysfunctional behaviour, inability or physical impedances, or when connected with ugliness, indiscrimination, kid/grown-up ill-use, same-sex introduction, medication utilization/misuse and passing. Once derided, the individual is discriminated as a worthy part of society, subsequently the expression ruined personality stated by Pearson et al., (2009) to depict the division of the deprived individuals from ordinary parts of society. Once named as an other, the slandered individual is then subjected to separation, the activity emulating the cognitive met hodology of derision.   LO1: Characteristics of Quantitative and Qualitative research methods It has been stated that in the current era of Modern science there are multiple ways of thinking and identifying qualitative and quantitative research. The disagreement between qualitative examination methodologies and other research techniques is in inconsistency with the methodological aspects, as well as shows up in the opposition, in the epistemological field. This implies that the instruments, as well as in the focal methodologies describe the generation of information. I accept that the qualitative epistemology is focused around standards that have vital methodological outcomes. Alternately, quantitative outline addresses the numerical delineation of proof examined and information gathered. Logical information from qualitative exploration is not legitimized by the quantity of subjects examined, however by the nature of its outflow (Bernard Bernard, 2013). The quantity of subjects to study reacts to a quantitative paradigm, characterized essentially by the needs of the learning procedure found sometime during the examination in factual means. Singular statement of the subject in both the techniques gets centrality as the spot which may have at one point for the generation of thoughts by the analyst. The data passed on by a specific subject can be a critical minute for the generation of learning, without essentially must be rehashed in different subjects and information gathering techniques. Qualitative exploration offers numerous perspectives with quantitative examination morals. Along these lines, the moral issues are appropriate to science as a rule to both the examination plans. Clearly, knowing the multifaceted nature of morals and good logic, it is prescribed that an exchange that is expected to approach moral judgements of qualitative examination ought to be upheld by a few hypotheses. At the same time there are such a variety of hypotheses that a well meaning push to actualize large portions of them in the investigation of a particular examination can get to be inefficient. Especially on account of quantitative exploration, it is important to incorporate individuals with capacity and readiness of reflection and correspondence that they comprehend social qualities, needs and powerlessness, and the concerns of potential study subjects (Bernard Bernard, 2013). Leading qualitative exploration is similarly less immoderate than directing quantitative examination. Qualitative research likewise turns out to be viable when the exploration obliges unlimited measure of data. LO2: Is Research evidence appropriate to health and social care practice Since the first instances of AIDS were distinguished in 1981, HIVs have been disparaged. The examination confirmation existed on this point involves to the broad accessibility of information and databases. Cao et al., (2010) recommended that in social and medicinal services connection, the dread of AIDS spread over our country, HIVs being deprived from their occupations, ousted from their homes, denied restorative tend to, savagery and expelled from their own particular families. Additionally, HIV-positive kids have been denied admission to schools, games groups and clubs, and have encountered badgering from other youngsters and folks of other kids. This social derision of HIVs is not restricted to the United Kingdom, either. In different nations, HIVs have been beaten to death; disregarded by neighbours, managers and social insurance specialists; and even compared to rehearsing witchcraft. As a result of its relationship with the unthinkable subject of male-to-male sex and the trepidation of tainting, society has reacted to HIV/AIDS by disparaging persons to avoid them as much as possible. Is this belittling got from outsiders, as well as it can be gotten from the HIVs relatives, companions and health awareness experts too. It is interesting to note that during an era when HIVs need social backing like never before, they are rather subjected to the threatening vibe and dismissal connected with HIV-related disgrace. Radcliffe et al., (2010) characterized the expression Helps related shame as a term that alludes to preference, reducing, undermining, and segregation guided at individuals saw to have AIDS or HIV, and the people, gatherings, and groups with which they are related. This belittling can be showed in numerous diverse ways, frequently focused around the current generalizations of the society. In the United Kingdom, HIV-related disgrace showed through seclusion, dismissal, stereotyping, segregation and off and on again savagery. Social Factors of HIV-Related Stigma HIV/ AIDS confront shame on numerous distinctive levels. Medicinal diseases as of now can be a disgrace of their own, particularly focused around the reality of the condition. Since there is right now no cure for HIV/ AIDS, the condition is viewed as deadly, a term which strikes fear in the hearts of the vast majority. In an examination article on Supports and Stigma, Wagner et al., (2010) demonstrates that there are four particular qualities of HIV/AIDS that inspire disgrace from society, specifically: 1) apparent obligation of the PWHIV in getting the illness, 2) the unalterable or degenerative nature of the malady, 3) the way that it can be an infectious infection and 4) the promptly obvious indications of the sickness which show as the ailment advances. Rao et al., (2012) draw a qualification between instrumental AIDS disgrace (identifying with the transmittable and deadly nature of HIV) and typical AIDS shame. Instrumental AIDS shame is an after-effect of societys characteristic apprehension of the illness and the absence of instruction on infection transmission. LO3: Examining research evidence with consideration to validity and reliability In assessing studies, numerous methodological concerns do develop. Maybe, the most vital concerns are reliability and validity of the exploration procedure. Reliability appraisal of a study device is a centre segment of behavioural research and can be used effectively into immediate perceptions by deciding best conceivable levels of presentation. A few strategies have been utilized that can give reliability of the survey estimation routines, including test-retest, Pearson coefficient, Kendalls coefficient, odd-even, and the proportional structures strategy. Social approval systems are substantial to the degree that they gauge what they claim to quantify. It is basic that great inward and outer validity be expressed as a social approval method. In addition, the outside validity of the evaluation methodology can be evaluated and still is faulty (Ritchie et al., 2013). The measurements analysts accept they are measuring may have little connection to what is really being measured and tha t face validity is deficient as the sole paradigm for assessing the validity of appraisal gadgets. One approach to survey validity would be to have the social approval evaluation created or reassessed by a board of masters or judges who are not included straightforwardly in the examination. An alternate technique would be to have a social approval evaluation of the social acceptance instrument. Case in point, in the wake of reacting to a poll, raters would react to a second survey that let them know the reason for the first survey and requested that the rate how well they thought the inquiries surveyed the reason (Ritchie et al., 2013). Also, analysts need to be mindful of radiance impacts, inclinations to tolerance or seriousness, focal propensity reactions, and position or closeness predispositions of raters, which might misleadingly improve the reliability of estimation without enhancing reaction exactness or validity. LO4: Demonstrate knowledge of the relationship between research theory and health and social care practice Investigation demonstrates that social help whether perceived or genuine is especially paramount for females as they depend all the more on social connections contrasted with men in comparable circumstances. A few studies have recommended that apparent social backing is more vital than genuine backing. Social backing has been demonstrated to impact both well being conduct and well being conclusions. Further, social backing has been indicated to cradle the impact of natural stressors, in this way, minimizing antagonistic results of upsetting circumstances. There is an overall reported backwards relationship between social backing and misery among HIV-positive populaces. Albeit much is thought about HIV-related shame and HIV-divulgence, an audit of the writing uncovers an absence of understanding of how they influence misery. Consequently, the general objective of this study is to look at the connections between sorrow (a mental result of HIV illness) and HIV-related shame, exposure of HIV positive status, and social backing among African-American ladies with HIV infection. Cao et al., (2010) portrayed social backing as an indispensable asset that an individual must draw upon for survival. As a safety asset, social backing is hypothesized to have an immediate impact on both cognitive evaluation and adapting endeavours. Social backing can help more positive examinations of individual life circumstances and backing more powerful adapting. Social backing can serve to lessen instability and stress and give the individual a method for diversion, passionate help, sensitivity and sympathy, and accommodating data. Ritchie et al., (2013) further developed the idea of social help, expressing that there is an agreeable refinement between the number and sorts of social connections and the view of the estimation of such connections. The quantity of social connections is termed the informal community. The view of social connections is termed seen social backing. At long last, Ritchie et al., (2013) recommended that there are distinctive sorts of social backing, for example, passionate, instructive, or substantial, and the sort of help must additionally be considered notwithstanding the span of the informal community and the impression of the nature of help that is accessible. Cao et al., (2010) remarkable various studies that have demonstrated how social connections maintain wellbeing and on the other hand how low social help identifies with negative wellbeing results. Broad exploration has showed that social combination has significant physical and mental medical advantages for more established grown-ups. Whats more, social backing has been indicated to be identified with positive conclusions in individuals living with HIV and, all the more particularly, to gay men living with HIV. Actually, adults matured 50 years and more seasoned include in excess of 10% of the HIV-positive populace in the United Kingdom. This rate is most likely excessively low focused around the way that more established grown-ups are rarely tried for HIV. Not their doctors or the more established grown-ups themselves see that they are at danger for the sickness. This is further convoluted on the grounds that numerous manifestations of HIV can be camouflaged as results of maturing. Alongside ladies and minorities, more seasoned grown-ups are right now one of the quickest developing HIV-contaminated populaces. They are particularly defenceless against disease (by physical changes in the body with age and by disappointment to utilize proper insurance amid sex) and, when tainted, they are more averse to recognize the side effects, get tired and look for the help they require. LO5: Gather evidence from a variety of research sources, including charts, graphs and tables, from text and online sources Although, emotional distress serves as a motivator for help-seeking behavior, the fear of being stigmatized may cloud the person’s cognitive process of making the decision to seek help. As time is of the essence with HIV/ AIDS, this delay in seeking health or social services presents a real problem. HIV/AIDS cases are also on the rise in such marginalized groups as African-Americans, women and older adults. Therefore, in many cases, HIVs are already stigmatized prior to disclosure of their HIV-positive condition. They know all too well the results of being stigmatized and, therefore, may be even more unwilling to disclose their HIV-positive status. The HIV-related stigma, then, becomes a second or even third type of stigma that is forced upon them. In their study of HIV-related stigma received by African-American caregivers, Rudolph et al., (2010) stated that â€Å"social isolation stemming from HIV-related stigma may be exacerbated for women, for elderly people, and for people of colour†. Persons who get HIV through circumstances which were out of their control (i.e., blood transfusions, needle-sticks or mother-to-kid) are even subject to this kind of slander, particularly as their infection advances. Typical AIDS shame is a statement of the general publics negative state of mind connected with the transmission of HIV. Due to the way of HIV/ AIDS, it will in the end get to be important for the contaminated individual to look for restorative consideration, at any rate. The forceful enthusiastic impacts going with the ailment might likewise make the requirement for usage of social administrations.. As time is of the pith with HIV/ AIDS, this deferral in looking for well being or social administrations exhibits a genuine issue. To confound matters, more established grown-ups and some ethnic gatherings are now uncertain of western solution hones, human services associations and mental health administrations and, moreover, might not have equivalent access to these administ rations. Albeit one may think divulgence to administration suppliers may not act like incredible a danger of being criticized as exposure to family, companions or associates, it still has dangers. Conclusion Since, the situation of HIV/ AIDS, is inevitably vital for the HIV-positive individuals to look for restorative consideration, at any rate, the compelling passionate impacts going with the disease might likewise make the requirement for use of social administrations. To entangle matters, more established grown-ups and some ethnic gatherings are as of now uncertain of western medication hones, human services associations and mental health administrations and, moreover, might not have equivalent access to these administrations. Albeit one may think deprivation to administration suppliers may not act like incredible a danger of being derided as exposure to family, companions or associates, it still has dangers. Notwithstanding the hazard that the HIVs status may not be kept totally private, there is likewise the danger of being defamed by the very administration experts to whom the HIVs turns for help. Despite the fact that health awareness experts may not have any desire to confess to slandering HIVs, the examination has confirm that HIV-related shame keeps on being available among some of them (Wagner et al., 2010). Notwithstanding the solid impact HIV-related disgrace can have on the self, it is characteristic for individuals to oppose being disparaged, and in this way, the social shame of HIV/ AIDS may make unnecessary deterrents to get social and health awareness administrations. On the off chance that the HIVs urge to oppose defamation is stronger than their urge to look for help for themselves, they may evade usage of HIV-related administrations until such time that they cannot maintain a strategic distance from it any longer, maybe because of a hospitalization. References Bernard, H. R., Bernard, H. R. (2013).Social research methods: Qualitative and quantitative approaches. Sage. Cao, H., He, N., Jiang, Q., Yang, M., Liu, Z., Gao, M., Detels, R. (2010). Stigma against HIV-infected persons among migrant women living in Shanghai, China.AIDS Education and Prevention,22(5), 445. Pearson, C. R., Micek, M. A., Pfeiffer, J., Montoya, P., Matediane, E., Jonasse, T., Gloyd, S. S. (2009). One year after ART initiation: psychosocial factors associated with stigma among HIV-positive Mozambicans.AIDS and Behavior,13(6), 1189-1196. Radcliffe, J., Doty, N., Hawkins, L. A., Gaskins, C. S., Beidas, R., Rudy, B. J. (2010). Stigma and sexual health risk in HIV-positive African American young men who have sex with men.AIDS patient care and STDs,24(8), 493-499. Rao, D., Feldman, B. J., Fredericksen, R. J., Crane, P. K., Simoni, J. M., Kitahata, M. M., Crane, H. M. (2012). A structural equation model of HIV-related stigma, depressive symptoms, and medication adherence.AIDS and Behavior,16(3), 711-716. Ritchie, J., Lewis, J., Nicholls, C. M., Ormston, R. (Eds.). (2013).Qualitative research practice: A guide for social science students and researchers. Sage. Roura, M., Urassa, M., Busza, J., Mbata, D., Wringe, A., Zaba, B. (2009). Scaling up stigma? The effects of antiretroviral roll-out on stigma and HIV testing. Early evidence from rural Tanzania.Sexually transmitted infections,85(4), 308-312. Rudolph, A. E., Davis, W. W., Quan, V. M., Ha, T. V., Minh, N. L., Gregowski, A., Go, V. (2012). Perceptions of community-and family-level injection drug user (IDU)-and HIV-related stigma, disclosure decisions and experiences with layered stigma among HIV-positive IDUs in Vietnam.AIDS care,24(2), 239-244. Wagner, A. C., Hart, T. A., Mohammed, S., Ivanova, E., Wong, J., Loutfy, M. R. (2010). Correlates of HIV stigma in HIV-positive women.Archives of womens mental health,13(3), 207-214.

Brett Farve :: essays research papers

Good evening Ladies and Gentlemen. Meeting this evening as a group Green Bay Packer and NFL fans we recall many unforgettable moments in Packer history. From big hits to miraculous passes, we will have in the back of our minds forever. Every Sunday we are glued to the television watching the Packers. Win or lose our fans have always been there to support the team. It is a privilege to have with us a man who thrilled many spectators. Win or lose he was always there to boost the fans and players moral, Brett Favre. Brett Favre grew up idolizing a pair of Southern quarterbacks, the Saints' Archie Manning and the Cowboys' Staubach. He grew up in Kiln, Mississippi and went to high school in there. His high school, Hancock North Central, honored him this past May by re-naming the field, 'Brett Favre Field,' and unveiling a life-sized statue of the quarterback at the stadium's entrance. The school previously had retired his jersey, Number 10, in 1993. He stayed in the south to go to college where he went to Southern Miss. He became the starter at Southern Miss in his third game of his freshman season. Favre majored in special education. He led his Southern Mississippi team to 29 victories, including two bowl victories, during his four varsity seasons, 1987-90, and climaxed his collegiate career by earning a MVP award in the East-West Shrine game featuring the nation's best seniors. Favre set school records for passing yards (8,193), pass attempts (1,234), completions (656), completion percentage (53 .2), touchdowns (55), and with only 35 interceptions. His production included five 300-yard passing games and five 3-TD performances, while his 7,695 regular-season passing yards ranked him among the top 30 of all-time NCAA passers. His 1.57 interception ratio in 1988 was the lowest among the 50 top-ranked passers in the nation, and his 2.9 interception rate for his four-year career also ranks as one of the best in NCAA history. Also he was the MVP of the All-American Bowl at the conclusion of his senior year. All those records and stats and that was only in college!!! With the thirty-third pick in the 1991 NFL Draft, the Atlanta Falcons choose Brett Favre. A little less than a year later, Atlanta traded Favre to Green Bay for a first round draft choice. Now in his 13th season in the NFL. Behind Favre, Green Bay has had nine playoff appearances including five division titles.

Columbine Book Report (1-100)

Columbine by Dave Cullen (pages 1-100) I. Summary Columbine High School (CHS) is a suburban public school located in Jefferson County, Colorado. Frank DeAngelis, a middle aged man who had previously coached football and baseball for sixteen years at Columbine, was the principal of the close-knit high school. He was loved by his students and admired by his staff for his ability to address his students as mature adults. The student body looked up to him and appreciated his truthfulness and lack of sugarcoating when serious topics were being discussed.Three days before prom an assembly was called to strengthen the awareness of the dangers of driving under the influence of drugs or alcohol. Instead of just lecturing the students Mr. DeAngelis used his own life experiences to teach and guide the students along the safe paths that still allowed for occasional goofing off. The author, Dave Cullen, then jerks the focus of the book to the teenage boys who would later kill twelve students, one teacher, and severely wound twenty-three of their peers.Eric Harris and Dlyan Klebold were the typical high school students, albeit they had some distinctive quirks that set them aside from the rest of their peers. Eric Harris was a psychopath; this fact allowed him to commit a terrible crime without feeling empathy or remorse for his victims. However, on the outside he was anything but antisocial (or criminal). Eric smoke, drank, dated—all within a close circle of friends. Yet, he was excellent at manipulation. His lies were so finely tuned that even his ex-military father suspected nothing. Eric received a slew of A’s from his teachers; every single one of them considered him a â€Å"good kid†.No one ever suspected that anything as devastating or horrifying could erupt from such a well-rounded kid from a nice family. This is why Dave Cullen’s description of Dylan Klebold who â€Å"tried extremely hard to emulate Eric† was not mistaken. Although Dylan was considerably smarter than Eric, Eric seemed to have a hold on Dylan’s authentically shy demeanor. Dylan, being more self-conscious, latched onto Eric’s strong personality that radiated confidence. Moreover, Dylan was suicidally depressed, which left him vulnerable to Eric’s manipulative ways. II. AnalysisUnderstanding who the perpetrators were behind the Columbine shooting continues to be the most compelling theme dictated throughout the entirety of the first one hundred pages of Dave Cullen’s masterpiece Columbine. Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold were both unbelievably smart teens who had shared an impossible friendship held together by a mutual dislike of society. Although sharing this bond, by no means were they alike—which is why their association with each other astounds investigators to this day. Neither of the boys came from broken families or had diagnosed issues that could have raised a red flag to anyone paying close enough attent ion.Eric had a small police record for blowing up illegal fireworks, but that was the extent of his â€Å"criminal† records. Dylan was even less on the (philosophical) radar. He was naturally quiet, yet more aware of his surroundings. If Dylan had not known Eric, it is guaranteed that the damage he did would only be to himself. Dylan never would have taken the lives of other people if he had succeeded in taking his own life first. This is thoroughly discussed by the author for a significant amount of each chapter. Eric’s initial influence on Dylan drastically increases when they start making plans for the massacre.The now copious amounts of time the boys spent together deepened the influence they had on each other, but Dylan seemed overwhelmed throughout the entirety of the author’s writing. Dylan’s clothing style, taste in music, taste in girls, and his general interests appeared to mirror Eric’s as progression through the hundred page section was made. Dylan inevitably lost what little he had of his individuality. III. Personal Opinion I am thoroughly enjoying Dave Cullen’s Columbine. This book took ten years to write; I completely understand why he waited and appreciate the time he took to methodically research the Columbine Massacre.The way Cullen embeds his research into a fast paced storyline is flawless and it continues to inspire me to learn and use the same technique. By clearly writing â€Å"But nothing separated the boys’ personalities like a run-in with authority. Dylan would be hyperventilating, Eric calmly calculating. Eric’s cool head steered them clear of most trouble†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , Cullen clearly illustrates subtle personality differences in a way that also depicts what kind of lives they led. I'm not saying that run-ins with the police happened frequently (it’s actually quite on the contrary), however the clarity is refreshing.A reader can move along without tripping over words t hat are weakly juxtaposed together. One aspect of Dave Cullen’s writing intrigues me more than anything. The way he smoothly transitions between the past and present allows for careful plot lines to thoroughly develop into an interesting piece of careful, intelligent research that includes incredible diction. In a passage on page nineteen Cullen writes â€Å"Most nights included an open-mike period, where you could watch an aging drunk strum ‘Stairway to Heaven,’ segue into the Gilligan’s Island theme, and forget the words. , Cullen’s dry tone brings humor to the carefully written sentence. IV. Quote Response â€Å"Eric was always a dreamer, but he liked them ugly: bleak and morose, yet boring as hell. He saw beauty in the void. Eric dreamed of a world where nothing ever happened. A world where the rest of us had been removed†¦. Anger turned inwards equals depression. Dylan Klebold was not a man of action. He was conscripted by a boy who was. † (page 45) This quote accurately describes each of the boys’ personalities in a simple yet dignified way.Analyzing the boys themselves becomes easier when you have a glimpse into their psyche. Part of Cullen’s research actually included reading journals written by Eric and Dylan, so theories that are drawn or compiled by Cullen are that much more reliable. Although these are still opinions there is hard evidence that this quote developed from, which is why it is the most important quote within the first one hundred pages. Knowledge that Eric was considered â€Å"a dreamer† is particularly helpful to the reader.Habitually being in your own world (head) leads to some level of development of an antisocial demeanor, however Eric was anything but antisocial. This is an interesting variable that further complicates the question of Why?. Conversely, Dylan was shy and not as confident. Cullen does not state this in the quote specifically. When Cullen writes Dyla n â€Å"was conscripted by a boy who was†, the interpretation is partly left to the reader’s understanding of the phrase â€Å"a boy who was†. Dylan was just there; no purpose or goal, he just was†¦.

A Paper on the Market Pull and Technology Push Factors

UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY Faculty of Business & Management: School of Business Administration Management of Innovation Technology CASE #2 â€Å"Innovation at 3M† Name: Ronald McLeod (0908851) Tutor: Mr. S. Whittle 3M Corporation takes pride in being a culture of innovation. I will be reporting on just one of 3M’s many innovative products the post-it notes. I will also highlight the market pull and technology push factors that were considered in developing the innovation. The key terms to be identified in this report are innovation, technology push, and market pull.Innovation refers both to the output and the process of arriving at a technically feasible solution to a problem triggered by a technological opportunity or customer need. Technology push describes a situation where an emerging technology or a new combination of existing technologies provide the driving force for an innovative product and problem solution in the market place. Market pull is the advancement of t echnology oriented primarily toward a specific market need. Post-it notes are pieces of stationery with a re-usable adhesive strip on the back, designed for temporarily attaching notes to documents and other surfaces.The release of post-it notes in 1980 in the United States was one that was not only innovative for its time but one which captured the needs of consumers in a whole new way. Post-it note became a big success for 3M and was adored by customers. The first and probably most important technology push that resulted in post-it notes is senior scientist Spencer Silver’s 1968 discovery of an adhesive that didn’t act like any others. Instead of forming a film, it is a clear, reusable and pressure-sensitive adhesive. For five years, Silver promoted his invention within 3M, both informally and through seminars, but without much success.In 1974 Art fry perceived the idea of coating the adhesive on paper. He soon realized that this technology would serve well as a note pad. 3M conducted a direct-mail program to the secretaries of CEOs of Fortune 100 companies, and got back letters from CEO’s of companies such as Chrysler and Phillip Morris telling them how much they loved this product (Post-it notes) and asking how they could get more. This was a major market pull factor as 3M now realized that this advancement in technology would satisfy a specific market need. Fry encountered serious technical problems very early.First, there was the problem of getting the adhesive to stay in place on the note instead of transferring to other surfaces. The company didn’t have coating equipment that could be precise on an imprecise backing such as paper. This resulted in further technology push as advances in the technical performance of 3M allowed for the post-it notes adhesive to be perfected as well as a manufacturing process was developed. Fry made sure that secretaries of 3M senior executives got them. Before long, their bosses were borrowing the little yellow pads. This Market pull factor illustrated the need for this innovation in the business place.In 1978 samples of numerous post-it was given out in the city of Boise. 3M discovered that more than 90 percent of the people who tried them would buy them. This market pull factor showed the general market need for this product. After success in Boise, 3M was convinced that the market potential for the yellow note was enormous and, in 1980, post-it notes were introduced nationally. The Managerial Implications * Technical and Market considerations * How to sustain new innovations * Time consumption * How to protect innovation from competitors. Recommendations Managers must take into account during problem solving within a firm, the technical and market factors in order to achieve successful management of technology. * Managers must invest time and money in research and development and other efforts to not only make improvements to commercialized technologies but to continuo usly endeavor to come out with new technologies/innovations. * Managers must respond to time consumption and shorten the time it takes them to design, develop and put new innovations on the market. They must decide when to innovate, update, or replace previous technology .They must also develop methods to cope with shorter product life cycles. This can be done through continuous improvement. * Managers must protect new innovations from competitors through the use of patents, trademarks, copyrights, and designs. This will also result in higher profitability for the organization. Conclusion The development of post-it notes was driven both by technological push and market pull factors. These factors resulted in; the recognition of a potential problem, decision of which technologies to use, a feasible solution to the problem, and the final commercialization of the innovation.Managers must learn to cope with the implications that will face them. References http://www. innovation. lv/ino2 /publications/leonardo_manual/en/www. innosupport. net/webhelp/wso/ind http://multimedia. 3m. com/mws/mediawebserver? 77777XxamfIVO&Wwo_Pw5_W7HYxTHfxajYv7HYv7H777777– ex. [email  protected]_id4240pl_id3558. htm http://www. tu-harburg. de/tim/downloads/arbeitspapiere/Working_Paper_5. pdf http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Post-it_note http://www. 3m. com/us/about3M/innovation/archive. html

Jovian Planets essays

Jovian Planets essays The view on how astronomers once thought that the planets in universe formed is beginning to change. Astronomers once thought the guest giant plants formed slowly. Gravity pulled debris together to form rocky cores several times a mass of the Earth, the largest of these sweeping up vast amounts of gas becoming huge giants. It is thought that roughly one billion years was needed to make these planets by the core-accretion process. Recent computer modeling in discoveries of extra solar planets suggest differently. Recent discoveries in modeling suggest that Jupiter size planets are lucky survivors of a much faster process. Survival is almost rare as these would be Jupiter's and Saturn's have only a few million years to grab all they can and many Jupiter like planets either bounce out of the solar system or plunge into the parents sons because of complex gravitational interactions. The startling shift in thinking began when Lawrence Livermore national laboratory physicist Bill Nellis fired a laser beam at a quarter size disk of liquid hydrogen. This laser crunch created metallic hydrogen, which is believed to fill the cores of the giant planets such as Jupiter and Saturn. Nellis's computer model results are "consistent with a rocky core mass of zero" says scientist Bill Hubbard. With no or a little rocky core, core-accretion is difficult to explain. Carne institution of Washington astrophysicist Alan Boss suggest Jupiter may have formed with a clump of gas collapsed under its own weight, similar to store formation. Ts disk instability model is actually updated version of the 29-year-old theory. This theory, created in 1951 by Gerard Kuiper, and refined by Al Cameron in 1970, suggested gas in a merely uniformed disk would abruptly become unstable and contract rapidly compressing into clumps forming spheres. "The disk-instability model fell into complete disrepute," says Boss as no one could reconcile rocky cores with a collapsing ...

Laws and Rules in State Licensing and Public Policy Essays

Laws and Rules in State Licensing and Public Policy Essays Laws and Rules in State Licensing and Public Policy Essay Laws and Rules in State Licensing and Public Policy Essay Laws and Rules in State Licensing and Public Policy Name: Course: Date: Alabama The state of Alabama has specific laid down guidelines on how to recruit professional counselors. The Alabama Recovery Center is the main health facility that offers mental health treatment in the state of Alabama and works closely with the Alabama Board of Examiners in Counseling (ABEC) that conducts counseling examinations within the state. The requirements for counselor certification and licensure are different and are outlined based on educational background and the professional experience of the applicant. A).The Scope of Counseling and the Criteria for Becoming a Licensed Professional Counselor According to Alabama Recovery Center (2012), the types of counseling offered in Alabama deal with chronic pain, substance abuse, marriage/couples, grief and loss, abuse/trauma, depression, Fibromyalgia and anxiety. In chronic pain counseling, the Alabama Recovery Center provides individual and group pain counseling with the help of the Behavioral Science Department of Alabama Pain Center. Substance abuse counseling is divided into three phases namely intensive outpatient program, after care and custom care. According to the Alabama Board of Examiners in Counseling (2012), the requirements for one to be recognized as a licensed professional counselor in the state of Alabama are: A pass score in one countrywide counselor examination. Either the NCE or the NCMHCE. A post graduate degree in counseling, family therapeutics, community service and any psychological subject attained from a recognized institution. Non-refundable application fee of $200.00 payable to the Alabama Board of Examiners in Counseling and a recent photograph. Course of study form sent directly from relevant educational institution. 2 recommendations from clinical counseling supervisors. Attained 3000 hours of master’s supervised knowledge in trained counseling done over one year supervised by a psychology expert, or a licensed professional counselor done for at least 100 hours. Finish 60 master’s session hours in counseling at a recognized college or university within the state. B).Distinction between Licensure, Certification and Accreditation a). Certification Certification is the first process through which the competence of counseling students is recognized. After certification, the student counselor can legally adopt the title of a certified counselor. In the state of Alabama, counselor certification is carried out by the Alabama Board of Examiners in Counseling that is delegated by the governor of Alabama. b). Licensure This is a way of regulating the standards of certified counselors. Licensure is different from state to state unlike certification that is standard across all states. Counseling institutions also have to be granted licenses to legalize their operations. Licenses can be revoked in cases where the counselor or counselor training institutions are found to be acting in violation of professional counseling guidelines. c). Accreditation Through this process, institutions that educate counselors are recognized by higher organizations and issued certificates (CACREP 2013).Examples of national accrediting bodies include Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (CACREP), the Council on Rehabilitation Education (CORE) and the Council on Higher Education Accreditation (CHEA). Examples of accredited counseling institutions in the state of Alabama include Alabama State University, Auburn University, South University-Montgomery, Faulkner University, Jacksonville State University and Gadsden State Community College. C). Code of Ethics and Standards of Practice for Licensed Professional Counselors in Alabama The Alabama Counseling Association code of ethics is divided into eight main chapters that address counseling relationship, confidentiality, privileged communication and privacy, professional responsibility, relationships with other professionals, evaluation, assessment and interpretation, supervision, training and teaching, research and publication and resolving ethical issues. The counseling relationship section outlines the primary responsibility of the counselor, describes counseling plans, discourages any form of discrimination, sexual intimacy with client or colleague and defines client rights. The confidentiality section describes client right to privacy, groups and families, minor or incompetent clients and consultation. The professional responsibility chapter describes professional competence, advertising and soliciting clients, credentials and responsibility to other professionals. The chapter on evaluation, assessment and interpretation describes the competence to use and interpret tests, informed consent, test selection and test construction. Training and supervision describes roles of counselor educators (Alabama Counseling Association 2010). Standards of practice are described in the code of ethics as representing minimal behavioral statements of the code of ethics. Standard of Practice one (SP-1), is about avoiding harm to clients, Standard of Practice two (SP-2) emphasizes on nondiscrimination .The last Standard of Practice, (SP-56) is about cooperation with investigative committee. D). the Concept of Core Provider Status The core provider is the professional entity allotted the task of equipping a facility or group of facilities with vital operating materials and services. This concept is usually employed by companies, organizations or institutions that require periodical provisions of different materials to be able to run smoothly. Among this wide variety of institutions are medical institutions that require consistent provision of drugs and medical tools and materials to be able to dispense their services to patients. This concept has enabled health institutions to operate for long periods without stopping because there are usually enough materials needed to run these facilities. When there is a shortage of a particular material, the core provider is notified in time so that they are able to acquire the material and deliver it to the health institution in time. Some health institutions core providers, depending on their capacity, provide materials to more than one institution therefore enhancing the efficiency of health facilities. With such consistent, reliable provision of materials to health facilities, most if not all health facilities are able to operate for a whole year without having to shut down because of insufficient materials. This consequently buffers the accessibility of health services to citizens. The task of funding mental health services has for a long time been a responsibility of the American government. Over the years, private providers have also come aboard to supplement provisions made by the government to mental health facilities. Public sector financing for mental health services include Medicaid, Medicare and other public programs initiated by the government. On the other hand, private sector funding includes private insurance coverage, outs of these interactions are public-private interactions, public payer interactions and behavioral and social services interactions (The Kaiser Commission on Medicaid and the Uninsured 2011). E). Public Policies of Mental Health Services Because mental challenges affect may people in the United States, it is crucial that efficient policies are made to govern the operations of mental health facilities. Public policies should be created with the sole aim of bettering the services provided to people with mental challenges. Results of a research conducted by mental health analysts have suggested that improving the social conditions of people does eliminate the chances of mental problems by a huge percentage. Those at most risk of being mentally challenged are the people who are ranked lowest in financial capability. Consequently, better living conditions translate to better mental health status. Policy makers on mental health should urge the government to improve the social well being of people as the first attempt towards reducing the occurrence of mental health problems. Education, housing, income and poverty levels should be critical pointers to mental health public policy formulators. Public policies, mainly formulated by the government, should ensure that the available funding is channeled first towards those in low-income brackets. Mental health policy makers should also create a direct link with educational institutions to first improve standards of education in a bid to improve the mental capabilities of pupils and students. In ensuring that the proper policies are made towards solving mental health problems, advocacy has to be embraced in exposing the current statistics of mental health problems and how these figures can be reduced. The general components of advocacy in mental health policy formulation are awareness-raising, information, education and training provision, mutual help, counseling, mediating between and defending mental health patients. In conclusion, professional counseling in Alabama is at an advanced stage with efficient struc tures and institutions in place. Counselors conduct their duties within the limits of the professional counselors’ codes of ethics and other stipulations put in place by national associations. Advocacy is important in decoding general misconceptions about mental health problems. References Alabama Board of Examiners in Counseling. (2012). Application to the Alabama Board of Examiners in Counseling. In Alabama Board of Examiners in Counseling. Retrieved from abec.alabama.gov/LPC.htm Alabama Counseling Association. (2010). Code of Ethics and Standards of Practice. In Alabama Counseling Association. Retrieved from alabamacounseling.org/ethics.html Alabama Recovery Center. (June 2, 2012). Our Services. In Covenant Health Centers.Retrieved from covenanthealthcenters.com/alabama-recovery-center/our-services/ Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs .(2013) What is Accreditation.Accreditation Basics.In Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs. Retrieved from cacrep.org/index.cfm/what-is-accreditation The Kaiser Commission on Medicaid and the Uninsured. (April 2011). Mental Health Financing in the United States. A Primer. Washington. The Kaiser Family Foundation.

Analysis of “Dark Shadows” as a Gothic Masterpiece

Analysis of â€Å"Dark Shadows† as a Gothic Masterpiece To most, when asked to define what Gothic is, they will state that it is similar to any other story, just with more â€Å"darkness. † This is because Gothic stories all have a classic story line. First, there is the main character’s back story, if any is then told. Next, there are events that lead up to a horrible incident that is the climax of the story. Lastly, the character finds some way to fix the situation or free him- or herself from it. They might go insane, commit suicide, run away, or watch other characters perish. However, readers would be greatly mistaken if they thought that this was all that there is to a Gothic story; there is much more to the Gothic than meets the eyes. There are Gothic tropes that define this type of Literature from the rest, such as murder, groans, blood, or even an apparition. Even today, there are video games that have these Gothic tropes. According to Kirkland, games such as Silent Hill have â€Å"gloomy settings with a sense of forthcoming violence, spaces such as a haunted house, tombs and prisons, the contaminating influence of family curses, and revenge-driven ghosts† (107). These tropes have endured across time due to their effect on the human mind. And this can be seen no more than in Burton’s film, the 2012 version, Dark Shadows. Humans have a natural fear of the dark that has existed since the beginning of time. Centuries ago, people feared the dark because that was the time when they were most likely to get attacked by robbers. Some people even went so far as to capture starving, wild dogs and have them fenced in to help protect the house. Even today, people are wary of going outside at night due to the fear of getting robbed and/or killed. In Burton’s film Dark Shadows, it was filmed almost entirely at dusk or at night. Although he didn’t update the use of darkness in this Gothic story, he did use it very wisely. For example, in the film he made sure to have candles low to the ground to illuminate people’s faces from the bottom, causing them to appear ghoulish. He also made particular scenes more dark and dreary than others; while it would be sunny at the fishing docks, it was cloudy at the castle. This affected the audience by making them feel that the castle had something sinister hidden within it. Death is a huge fear for countless, as it has been for centuries. Long before embalming, people had no knowledge of what happened during or after death. At one point in history it was so common for people to be accidently buried alive, that next to every grave they put a bell with a string attached that reached down inside the coffin. If the person was alive and woke up, they would pull the string and someone would come to rescue them. Throughout the ages, death and its meaning has slowly changed. In Aikinari’s story, â€Å"The Chrysanthemum Vow,† death is portrayed as a way to free oneself from the confinements of life. When Akana was captured and imprisoned, he committed suicide in order to be able to travel to Samon as a ghost and fulfill his vow with him. In Dark Shadows, death was modernized by the use of the vampire named Barnabas Collins. Vampires have been a part of our society for generations. When someone dies, it is common for the body to bloat and for blood to leak out of the mouth, due to its decomposition. According to Gee, â€Å"a body decomposes in such a way that human teeth protrude like fangs† (8). Not being able to comprehend this, people would tell horror stories of vampires to try and explain what was going on. In Dark Shadows, Barnabas not only updated vampires, but also death. Unlike the original vampires, Barnabas became this monster not by the bite of another vampire but from the curse of a jealous witch, who also killed his fiance. This changed the view of death because death was something that Barnabas could not attain. Unlike his predecessors, he was immortal and couldn’t die. This caused him great pain since he could never be with his beloved again. Death became that which could free him and end his suffering. This also changed the anatomy of vampires. Classic vampires could be harmed with garlic or the light. While the light hurt him, he was able to merely wear a hat and cloak and not be harmed. However, there is still much more to Gothic Literature. According to Baldick, â€Å"For the Gothic effect to be attained, a tale should combine a fearful sense of inheritance in time with a claustrophobic sense of enclosure in space† (xix). A story can have Gothic tropes but not be Gothic. There are loads of books that have murders and ghosts that aren’t considered Gothic at all, like Harry Potter by J. K. Rowling. His parents were killed and there was a ghost trapped in the girl’s bathroom, but it isn’t Gothic at all. What makes a story Gothic is how it is told or portrayed. Sometimes, the scenes that are used are to make the viewers question what is righteous and what is wicked. Burton shows this with how he introduces his characters and their personalities. For the vampire Barnabas, he is portrayed not as monster but as an unfortunate soul who has a curse that he is trying to rid himself of. Instead of wanting to stay a vampire, he joins up with a local physician to try and find a cure to make him human again. However, he still kills humans and drinks their blood. This makes the audience question whether Barnabas is an evil vampire or a poor man with a curse due to this hidden identity. This is also shown with the witch Angelique. For her character, they portrayed her as being jealous that Barnabas chooses to marry someone else, instead of her. She curses him to become a vampire but later on states that she didn’t kill him because he only wanted his love and attention. Before she dies, she rips out her own heart and offers it to Barnabas. Showing this makes the audience debate on whether she is innocent deep down in her actions, or merely empty and insane. Insanity is another classic trope of the Gothic. Traditionally, insanity was shown as a way to become stronger or to become free. In â€Å"If You Touched My Heart† by Allende, Hortensia is caged by her lover. At first, they are in love and can’t be separated. However, Peralta soon forces her into a cage and keeps her there for several decades. In order to deal with the psychological trauma, Hortensia becomes insane to free herself. This is shown when she was â€Å"surrounded by hallucinatory spirits who lead her to other universes†¦ [traveling] through starry space† (523). By creating these illusions in her mind, she was able to free herself from the pain of growing old and hideous in that cage. In Poe’s story â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart,† the unnamed main character goes insane due to his own thoughts. In the beginning of the story, he states how he is obsessed with this old man, but not insane. He states that, â€Å"it was not the old man that vexed me, but his Evil Eye† (498). This quote shows that the character originally had no aggression towards the old man, only his one pale blue eye. After he kills him and hides the body under the floor, he starts to hear a heartbeat. He concludes that it must be the old man’s heart. This is frightening because the reader is unsure what he is actually hearing. He could simply be hearing his own heartbeat, or imagining it all due to his guilt. In Dark Shadows, insanity is shown in a similar, yet different way. The film actually had two characters that were insane, the witch Angelique and Victoria. Angelique is depicted as going insane after her pure heart was broken by Barnabas. She only turned him into a vampire because she couldn’t stand to see him with another woman. Her insanity allowed her to become strong and have the strength to, in a sense, imprison the man who caused her pain. Victoria, on the other hand, was only considered insane by society. Due to her psychic ability in being able to see spirits, her family feared how others would view them and sent her away to be â€Å"fixed. † This demonstrates how insanity is not simply mental, but also what society deems as insane. However, not everything is clearly stated. Within Gothic Literature, there are hidden messages or symbolisms throughout the entire story. Knowing this allows the reader to think and look more deeply into each action and event that is occurring. For example, in Edgar Allen Poe’s â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher,† when Roderick dies at the end of the story, the house crumbles to ruins. The house doesn’t crumble because it’s ancient; it symbolizes the end of the Usher’s bloodline. In â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† by Stetson, the main female character is moved to a house in the country for â€Å"bed rest. There, she is forbidden to write, think, and sometimes even speak. She starts to see a woman trapped in the wallpaper, shaking it at night and creeping around outside during the day. This symbolizes how the narrator feels trapped and wants to escape. At the end, she â€Å"releases† the woman from the wallpaper and becomes her. The narr ator could only be free by creating an alternate personality. In this story, her insanity helped set her free. Dark Shadows also has some symbolism of its own. When Angelique is dying, they show her breaking as if she is a porcelain doll. This demonstrates how even though she was evil she was also extremely delicate in her true nature. As her face broke, pieces fell and exposed a small hole into oblivion. This signifies how she was truly empty on the inside, nothing more than a doll. Although she was once a human with supernatural powers, her jealousy and obsessive love for Barnabas slowly took over and, over time, left her an empty shell of what she once was. She was unable to truly love Barnabas, because she was literally filled with both darkness and nothingness. At the end of the film, Barnabas finds Victoria standing on the ledge of cliff. She tells him that they are both different, and that she can only be with him if they are the same. He tells her that he can’t turn her into a vampire, so she jumps off the cliff. This symbolizes the difficulty and societal rejection of dating someone who is of a different class or race. For her, she couldn’t see how their relationship could work unless they were both vampires. She also felt that if she couldn’t be with him, then she had no reason to live and must die to free herself from the suffering. Gothic literature is not something that can be defined in a few simple sentences. As Rintoul points out, â€Å"Gothic coincides with an important interrogation of the cannon as a site of power, and with equally important work that links social and political conditions† (701). Gothic literature has tropes that have endured across time and can still be found in modern stories and games. However, these tropes don’t always stay the same; some have been modernized over the centuries. This can easily be seen in Burton’s 2012 film, Dark Shadows. Death was transformed from something terrifying to that which could set one free. The vampire changed from a wicked corpse to a miserable man who was cursed. Insanity also went through some changes. At first, it could set one free from pain. In Dark Shadows, insanity morphed into something that was not only mental, but what society deemed as insane. The symbolism throughout the movie also added depth to seemingly simple scenes. Dark Shadows is a perfect example of how the Gothic has changed through the ages and thrived. Works Cited Allende, Isabel. â€Å"If You Touched My Heart. † The Oxford Book of Gothic Tales. Ed. Chris Baldick. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009. 519-526. Print. Baldick, Chris. â€Å"Introduction. The Oxford Book of Gothic Tales. Ed. Chris Baldick. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009. xi-xxii. Print. Gee, Joshua. Encyclopedia Horrifica. Hong Kong: Scholastic, 2007. Print. Kirkland, Ewan. â€Å"Gothic Videogames, Survival Horror, and Silent Hill Series. † Gothic Studies14. 2 (2012): 106-122. Print. Rintoul, Suzanna. â€Å"Gothic Anxieties: Struggling With a Definition. † The Journal of Eighte enth-Century Fiction. 17. 4 (2005): 701-709. Print. Sova, Dawn. â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart. † The Complete Tales and Poems of Edgar Allen Poe. Ed. Dawn Sova. New York: Barns Noble, 2006. 498-501. Print.

I do not know Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

I do not know - Research Paper Example What exactly is a financial crisis? This is an important question to ask at the outset of this paper if we are to understand our subject. Generally speaking, financial crises arise in a variety of situations in which some financial institutions or industries suddenly lose large amounts of their value. For example, in the past, many such situations were associated with banking panics, stock market crashes and financial bubbles. The result is that country loses its wealth. Jobs are lost and people and companies go bankrupt. These crisis are often unexpected and result in a great deal of wealth being wiped out. People suffer and it can take years for the economy to regain its balance (Williams, 23). All sectors of society find themselves set back and productivity and growth become very slow. In the most recent example, the subprime mortgage crisis was one of the first indicators of 2007 financial crisis. There is a clear line that can be drawn between the massive number of mortgage defaults and the consequent crisis. High default rates on subprime adjustable rate mortgages began to increase very rapidly in this period. The long term trend of rising housing prices and better loans encourage borrowers to believe they would be able repay their mortgages quicker. They thought they had a good deal and would be able to refinance if they had a problem. However, this was not the case. â€Å"The first clear sign that the US housing bubble was bursting, the mid-2007 crisis in the sub-prime mortgage market (stemming from the significant increase in defaults), transmitted losses to a whole set of securitized financial products such as mortgage-backed securities† ( Lin, 32). The truth is that the American dream of home ownership had gone into overdrive. People who were unable to afford to pay mortgage payments were given mortgages. People with bad credit or unstable employment were given

Leadership Experience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Leadership Experience - Essay Example The team managed the lowest price and finished the task within the three minutes. This paper seeks to describe the activity, what was learnt, and the solutions provided with a focus on communication, team dynamics, influencing other team members, sharing information, agreeing on tasks and objectives. 1. Leadership, strategy and upward communication Strategic leadership can be defined as the ability to maintain flexibility, anticipate, and empower the other team members to form necessary strategic change. It involves coping with increasing changes, management of an entire team rather than functional subunits, and management of activities through the other team members. As a team leader, I had to affect the behavior of the other team members in environments that were sometimes uncertain via personal example and ability to envision the requirements for the next stage in the task (Yukl, 2010 p34). It is not feasible to formulate strategies which will give returns without strategic leader s. Therefore, it is necessary that as, a team leader, I had the ability to be a strategic leader to avoid over managing and poorly leading the team. Effective, strategic leadership shapes the formation of strategic mission and intent which influence successful strategic actions. These actions result in the formulation and implementation of these strategies which then yield strategic competitiveness and above average returns. For a leader to prepare the team’s minds towards one vision and direction, it is necessary to transform the team’s strategic direction. Directing the team towards the set goals, and having the ability to adapt concurrently ensures that the strategy delivers the aim that the leader wants (Yukl, 2010 p35). It is essential to have a different way of thought on how resources can be marshaled in the formulation and execution of the strategy in order to be successful. This balances strategy making’s human dimension with analytical perspectives tha t are focused. Coupled with time management commitments in engaging the team in dialogue on strategy, this strategy lays the foundation for building a foundation for creation of winning teams that define, adjust, commit, and adapt quickly to strategy. I learnt that in order to shape the strategic direction, I had to know what my primary role was as the chief strategist, my role as a leader during the strategy making process, the team required for the strategy making, and the point at which the making of the strategy can be considered finished. A leader requires to incorporate human and analytical dimensions, in order to create winning outcomes, and for the team to comprehend and commit to the set common agenda, and must also be clear about each member’s strategic capacity. Using feedback from the team members helps to provide a holistic view on the team’s and its individual member’s effectiveness. Ratings by the team members themselves and their peers can be use d to evaluate the efficiency of the team and the individual (Yukl, 2010 p35). The members rate the following personal traits and competencies: Communication which is the ability to objectively, supportively, and openly share opportunities using nonverbal and verbal behaviors while listening actively. Conflict resolution, which involves the

Why do different theories of the firm exist Essay

Why do different theories of the firm exist - Essay Example This paper examines a couple of firm theories with the objective of examining their fine and major points and in an attempt to discover what factors have prompted existence and development of multiple theories of the firm. This is achieved through a literature review that incorporates a wide ranging discussion on the main issues as outlined above. In addition, this paper extends the literature review in an attempt to find empirical basis for the existence of the multiple theories of the firm. In order to do this, the paper examines the literature studies that examine such secondary data evidence either cross sectional or case study based. There is a wide body of research that deals with the issue of firms and theories of firms both in the realms of economics and management. Sagi & Pataki (2006) give out the classical economic firm theory in following words, "Classical firm theories in modeling offer strategies start from profit maximization revenue, i.e. P>MR=MC".However, these authors discredit the relevance and universal applicability of this model and went on to explain the further developments in the firm models that increasingly took into account more variables ,essentially focusing on firm behaviours as an economic decision maker. ... rs discredit the relevance and universal applicability of this model and went on to explain the further developments in the firm models that increasingly took into account more variables ,essentially focusing on firm behaviours as an economic decision maker. However, this paper has emphasis on examination of firm theories that lean more towards more elaborate and comprehensive models that are more management oriented in the sense of having a strategic management bias. The advantage of doing this is evident in that such models reveal more of the strategic management processes that reveal the cross section of today's large sized, globalized and information technology assisted business organizations, one such model is the Resource based model of the firm behaviour. Citing appropriate literature resources Kotelnikov (2007) explains the concept of the resource based model of firm behaviour in following words, "The currently dominant view of business strategy - resource-based theory or resource-based view (RBV) of firms - is based on the concept of economic rent and the view of the company as a collection of capabilities. This view of strategy has a coherence and integrative role that places it well ahead of other mechanisms of strategic decision making. (Kay John)". Using more literature resources Kotelnikov further explains the model as follows, "Each organization is a collection of unique resources and capabilities that provides the basis for its strategy and the primary source of its returns. In the 21st-century hyper-competitive landscape, a firm is a collection of evolving capabilities that is managed dynamically in pursuit of above-average returns (Markides C.C). Thus, differences in firm's performances across time are driven primarily by their unique resources

History of Roman Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

History of Roman Art - Essay Example They preferred to get the portrait of renowned people, the statues that fully resembled the actual person like the statue of Cicero. There was a common perception that keeping good pictures of the acquaintances would help their ghosts after death to remain happy. This perception helped the art form to flourish during the Roman Republic and Roman Empire (Kidipede, 2009). The Greek art influenced the Roman sculpture. For example in Augustus’ Ara Pacis (the Altar of Peace) reflects the Greek art in the swirls at the front, in the frieze and in the meanders below the frieze. In history, it so happened that the Romans started winning battles with Greece around 200 BC. Roman soldiers while parading in Greece saw their art forms in their temples, cemeteries, public squares and in the houses of Greeks. While returning back to Rome, they took Greek sculptors along to work for them (Kidipede, 2009). Roman art got enriched with new ideas by the third century. Element of war appeared prominently because of war with Germany and the bloodshed. The effect can be seen in the column of Marcus Aurelius where people are shown beheaded and without guts; they are depicted as suffering. Artists made more use of drill than chisel for easy sculpturing which provided a distinct feel of the sculptor Concerns of the soul got manifested in the art forms which were due to presence of Christians in the Roman Empire. Eyes of the persona are shown as looking towards heaven or gods, symbolizing spirituality. Rest of the body parts like arms, legs and head are not shown in proportion, showing least concern to the significance of the body. As there were no battles in the fourth century AD, warfare portraiture decreased but spiritual element remained prominent through big eyes and unbalanced bodies till the dethroning of the Roman Empire. Roman sculpture was unique form in itself by focusing on the individuality aspect in it although

Isolation of a lectin from apple pollen. Lectins are present in plants Dissertation

Isolation of a lectin from apple pollen. Lectins are present in plants (and animals), they are proteins that that bind to carboh - Dissertation Example So a study on biochemical, physiological and molecular levels is required to explore the importance of Lectin in the plant cell. Lectin is present in many forms in the plant cells. The pollen grains of the apple are found to have some group of Lectin. These Lectin are heterodimers and have a great affinity for the glycopeptides with a molecular weight of 30,000 Daltons and have two subunits with N-acetyl glucosamine residues. Arabinose is found linked to the polypeptide chain as ?-L-arabinofuranosides through the hydroxylproline residues. (Sharon and Lis, 2007). The glycopeptides are found to contain lesser amount of serine, S-carboxyl methyl cysteine and other amino acids such as glycine as major amino acids. Cysteine (16%), Hydroxyproline (11%) and Glycine (12%) is the major amino acid composition of lectin. Lectin agglutinates the cells and precipitates the complex carbohydrates. The lectin has Arabinose monosachharide (93%) and Galactose (7.5%) of the total 37% carbohydrate conte nt of lectin. (Sharon and Lis, 2007). ... Second thing to look upon is whether it is bound to any organelle or free protein. The Ammonium sulfate precipitation can be carried out after cell lysis. The cell disruption can be performed in many ways. Using mortar and pestle, sonication are some of the simple steps that can be easily practiced in lab. (Scopes, 1994).The cells are crushed using the saline buffer in order to maintain the pH. The protein extraction procedures are carried out in a cold room usually at 4 Â °C, in order to preserve the active part of the protein. The Ammonium sulfate precipitation is then carried out. Ammonium sulfate precipitation is a salting out process where the proteins are precipitated by adding ammonium sulfate at saturation constant. The saturation level varies for every protein and hence this phenomenon is widely used for the separation of the protein from the cell debris. The percentage of purification achieved at this stage is around 30 – 40%. Ammonium sulfate precipitation method i s repeated to increase the concentration of the protein in the sample. After ammonium sulfate precipitation, the ammonium sulfate salt is removed from the protein by using the neutralizing buffer. The dialysis is the next downstream processing step. Dialysis is done using a semi-permeable membrane bag that has a very small pore size of 20 Â µm. Dialysis is done overnight in the saline to concentrate the protein. For further purification of the protein, chromatographic techniques are used. Affinity chromatography, anion exchange chromatography, gel permeation chromatography are some of the most commonly used chromatographic techniques for this protein. Same type of lectin is present in seeds and pollen grains hence the same procedure for the seed lectin extraction can be followed for the pollen

Why do different theories of the firm exist Essay

Why do different theories of the firm exist - Essay Example This paper examines a couple of firm theories with the objective of examining their fine and major points and in an attempt to discover what factors have prompted existence and development of multiple theories of the firm. This is achieved through a literature review that incorporates a wide ranging discussion on the main issues as outlined above. In addition, this paper extends the literature review in an attempt to find empirical basis for the existence of the multiple theories of the firm. In order to do this, the paper examines the literature studies that examine such secondary data evidence either cross sectional or case study based. There is a wide body of research that deals with the issue of firms and theories of firms both in the realms of economics and management. Sagi & Pataki (2006) give out the classical economic firm theory in following words, "Classical firm theories in modeling offer strategies start from profit maximization revenue, i.e. P>MR=MC".However, these authors discredit the relevance and universal applicability of this model and went on to explain the further developments in the firm models that increasingly took into account more variables ,essentially focusing on firm behaviours as an economic decision maker. ... rs discredit the relevance and universal applicability of this model and went on to explain the further developments in the firm models that increasingly took into account more variables ,essentially focusing on firm behaviours as an economic decision maker. However, this paper has emphasis on examination of firm theories that lean more towards more elaborate and comprehensive models that are more management oriented in the sense of having a strategic management bias. The advantage of doing this is evident in that such models reveal more of the strategic management processes that reveal the cross section of today's large sized, globalized and information technology assisted business organizations, one such model is the Resource based model of the firm behaviour. Citing appropriate literature resources Kotelnikov (2007) explains the concept of the resource based model of firm behaviour in following words, "The currently dominant view of business strategy - resource-based theory or resource-based view (RBV) of firms - is based on the concept of economic rent and the view of the company as a collection of capabilities. This view of strategy has a coherence and integrative role that places it well ahead of other mechanisms of strategic decision making. (Kay John)". Using more literature resources Kotelnikov further explains the model as follows, "Each organization is a collection of unique resources and capabilities that provides the basis for its strategy and the primary source of its returns. In the 21st-century hyper-competitive landscape, a firm is a collection of evolving capabilities that is managed dynamically in pursuit of above-average returns (Markides C.C). Thus, differences in firm's performances across time are driven primarily by their unique resources

Isolation of a lectin from apple pollen. Lectins are present in plants Dissertation

Isolation of a lectin from apple pollen. Lectins are present in plants (and animals), they are proteins that that bind to carboh - Dissertation Example So a study on biochemical, physiological and molecular levels is required to explore the importance of Lectin in the plant cell. Lectin is present in many forms in the plant cells. The pollen grains of the apple are found to have some group of Lectin. These Lectin are heterodimers and have a great affinity for the glycopeptides with a molecular weight of 30,000 Daltons and have two subunits with N-acetyl glucosamine residues. Arabinose is found linked to the polypeptide chain as ?-L-arabinofuranosides through the hydroxylproline residues. (Sharon and Lis, 2007). The glycopeptides are found to contain lesser amount of serine, S-carboxyl methyl cysteine and other amino acids such as glycine as major amino acids. Cysteine (16%), Hydroxyproline (11%) and Glycine (12%) is the major amino acid composition of lectin. Lectin agglutinates the cells and precipitates the complex carbohydrates. The lectin has Arabinose monosachharide (93%) and Galactose (7.5%) of the total 37% carbohydrate conte nt of lectin. (Sharon and Lis, 2007). ... Second thing to look upon is whether it is bound to any organelle or free protein. The Ammonium sulfate precipitation can be carried out after cell lysis. The cell disruption can be performed in many ways. Using mortar and pestle, sonication are some of the simple steps that can be easily practiced in lab. (Scopes, 1994).The cells are crushed using the saline buffer in order to maintain the pH. The protein extraction procedures are carried out in a cold room usually at 4 Â °C, in order to preserve the active part of the protein. The Ammonium sulfate precipitation is then carried out. Ammonium sulfate precipitation is a salting out process where the proteins are precipitated by adding ammonium sulfate at saturation constant. The saturation level varies for every protein and hence this phenomenon is widely used for the separation of the protein from the cell debris. The percentage of purification achieved at this stage is around 30 – 40%. Ammonium sulfate precipitation method i s repeated to increase the concentration of the protein in the sample. After ammonium sulfate precipitation, the ammonium sulfate salt is removed from the protein by using the neutralizing buffer. The dialysis is the next downstream processing step. Dialysis is done using a semi-permeable membrane bag that has a very small pore size of 20 Â µm. Dialysis is done overnight in the saline to concentrate the protein. For further purification of the protein, chromatographic techniques are used. Affinity chromatography, anion exchange chromatography, gel permeation chromatography are some of the most commonly used chromatographic techniques for this protein. Same type of lectin is present in seeds and pollen grains hence the same procedure for the seed lectin extraction can be followed for the pollen

Historical Critical Perspective on the Life and Works of Langston Hughes Essay Example for Free

Historical Critical Perspective on the Life and Works of Langston Hughes Essay The paper will focus on criticizing the works of Langston Hughes in the basis of his life and influence of his surroundings. The historical perspectives will be the basis of criticizing his works. How the political and social aspects did influenced him to create his poetries. The life and works of Hughes in response to his adamant life will be discussed critically in this paper. Langston Hughes Life Born at Mississippi in 1902, Langston was the son of both African American citizens. In his growth, his environment was stained with racial discrimination issues which were instigated by his grandmother and the environment he lived. This rooted in writing about social issues which is mostly the topics of his writings. His greatest achievement was that he was the first Black American who was considered with racial consciousness to make a living by writing (Leach 14). He received many awards regarding his writings as he is a well-known figure in the society, a leading literalist in the Harlem Renaissance and critique of racism. His works includes the book of poetry which is The Weary Blues published in 1926. He was famous in playwright and musical dramas which were used in his time. Three of his famous works will be summarized and the influence of his works will be discussed.  · The Black Nativity (1921) – this is a collection of gospel songs which must be presented by black people. This means the character within the gospel about the birth of Christ is portrayed by African Americans.   It was played in Chicago and became a big hit in its time. The play was made from the influence of racism in the state. Langston created a new image of nativity when he arranged it to be played by Black people. This had become controversial but still became popular because of its uniqueness in approach.  · Not with Laughter (1920) – is a novel which depicts the black life in a town of Kansas. The work shows the character’s life on his dealings with tragedies and peaceful life in the town.  · The Weary Blues (1926) – this is collection of poetry blues by Hughes. The blues poem shows the nature toward affirmation and self negotiation, both consolatory mourning and melancholia (Ramazani 144). His works shows the life of black people in his time mixed with fictitious plots and heartwarming ideas in his works. The people view his works as inspirational and influences the way people view on the black people. The Harlem Renaissance is described as a period wherein racial criticism is intense wherein the blacks challenge the white racism by producing African Americans good in various field. This inspired Hughes to continue his endeavor towards writing his own poetry. Criticisms on his works At present, his works can be seen as not to promote racism but to see how Blacks and Whites have the same talents and ideals. The thorough examination of his works shows how he gave the tragedies on the life of blacks but then provide the positive side of it. His renowned play which is the Black Nativity showed a different approach in the way people think about gospel plays. The new approach was criticized but then, the issue of equality in religion beyond racial boundaries prevailed. His works became useful in the development of African American literature and continues evolvement of the discipline. His experience and his thoughts influenced the society through his writings. He’s well known works influenced the culture and life of the people in his time and the present.

Importance Of Wellness Programme In Organization

Importance Of Wellness Programme In Organization Unhealthy diet and lack of regular physical activity caused several bad health outcomes among employees, such as heart disease, stroke, cancer and other chronic disease (Harris Fries, 2002). According to Conlin (2007) the insurance premium and absenteeism by sick workers cost businesses $15 billion a year in United States (as cited in Scarborough, Wilson Zimmerer, 2009). Besides that, about 70% of organizations health care costs were arising from preventable chronic diseases. According to Fries, Koop, Beadle, Cooper, England, Greaves, Sokolov, and Wright (1993) preventing employees chronicle illness is the best solution for reducing organizations health care cost. According to Quintiliani, Sattelmair, and Sorensen (2007) worksite has been recognizes globally as an appropriate setting to promote wellness programme. Stokols, Pelletier Fielding (1996) also suggested that worksites wellness programme could influence employees healthy behaviour. Through direct effort health education and increasing the availability of healthy foods and opportunities for physical activity; or indirectly through social support and social norms promoting health behaviours (Sorensen, 2002). Worksites wellness programmes were also a useful way of promoting a healthy diet and frequently physical activities to employees (Engbaers, 2005). Wellness programme has commonly focused on promoting worker health in reduction of individual risk-related behavior. For instance, tobacco use, poor nutrition and other avoidable health behaviours (LaMontagne, 2004).Employees performance increased more than 2.5 times once employees health and wellness managed well (Grimard, 2009). In 2004, The United States National Workplace Health Promotion found that many companies provide various type of worksites wellness programmes (Linnan, 2004). They found that 26% provided health education, and 30% provided supportive social and physical environments, and 23.5% provided worksite screening. However, the effectiveness of worksites wellness programme is effect by various issues, such as employees participation and the organizations implementation efforts (Kumar, McCalla Lybeck, 2009). According to Tsui (2008), the implementation efforts of wellness programme in Asian companies is far from desirable although the awareness of this issue is increased. 2.0 Definition of worksites wellness program According to Gold (2009) wellness programme was defined as a holistic approach that addresses the needs of individuals, whether its mental or physical needs or anything related to their family or work. Wellness programme focus on prevention, behavioral change and also offer tools for people to know their health risks and numbers, such as their cholesterol, sugar and body mass index. Offering them ways to learn the health information and solutions, focusing on three keys areas: healthy eating, helping people quit smoking, and let employees to be more active and really address their health needs. Wellness programme was being implemented by organization nowadays to create their worksites wellness programme (Craft, 1994). According to Wolfe and Parker (1994) Worksites wellness programme are long-term organizational activities designed to promote the adoption of organizational practices and personal behaviour conducive to maintaining or improving employee physiological, mental, and social well-being. (as cited in Ho, 1997). Sullivan (2000) mentioned that worksites wellness programme was a programme that intended to keep or develop employees health before the health disease occurs. From the perspective of a manager in an organization, wellness programme have the potential to reduce medical claims costs, decrease absenteeism, improve employee productivity, recruitment, and retention (Chang, Koh, Kang, 2005). For maximum impact on employee health, a comprehensive worksites wellness programme should focus on increasing awareness of wellness issues by providing employees health info rmation, supporting health management and promoting healthy work climates. Worksites wellness programmes included what consider being traditional efforts to maintain costs, including on-site fitness centers, healthy selections in company cafeterias, health assessments, employee assistance plans, and other programs that attempt to influence the organizational culture to ensure the workplace has a strong wellness culture (Kumar, et. al, 2009). 2.1 Importance of wellness programme in organization In recent years, there was a significant increasing trend for companies to introduce wellness programmes at the worksite (The Straits Times, 1994). According to Alsagoff (1993) in 1991, for example, the Singaporean employer had to pay S$252 in medical costs on every worker, which was a growth of some 6.8 per cent over the previous year. Worksites wellness programme is very important to a company as this can be proven by those companies which had made up their mind to adopt it, most of them mentioned that the primary reason in doing so was to increase employee productivity, to meliorate employees welfare advantages and morale, and to heighten the corporate reputation of the company (Wong, 1993). Worksites wellness programmes in the Western countries have a much older history and have been proven in many cases to be associated in a beneficial way to such essential opportunity costs as employee satisfaction, job performance, health care costs, absenteeism, and employee turnover (Shephard, 1992). Some companies have also savored nonphysical advantages such as enhanced employee spirit, health and generative, employee attraction and retention, and improved image for the corporations (Connors, 1992) after their employees reduced the rate of smoking and some of them even successfully quit smoking. Fielding (1994) studies conducted at Johnson Johnson showed affirmative opportunity costs, business-unit-wide, of health promotion programmes. These studies proved that effective wellness programme effects on uniform exercise participation, fitness levels, employee satisfaction, employees medical costs, smoker quit rates and on an indirect measure of productivity. Worksites wellness programme were also found to be very important in helping employees to having a better healthy lifestyle. A study of the Travellers Insurance Company health promotion programs reported a symptom of decreasing in health claims, absenteeism and employees insurance costs; an improvement in productivity; and a return on investment of roughly US$3.40 for every US$1.00 spent (Golaszewski Yen, 1992). Besides that, a cost-benefit study reported in the literature attributed minimized health care costs to Blue Shield and Blue Cross of Indianas health promotion programs, which resulted in a refund of US$2.51 for every US$1.00 of programs involves (Elias Murphy, 1986). According to Quick (1987), US organizations continue to lead almost European and Asian organizations in employee health promotion. This same goes to the issue in Singapore where the level of awareness or interest for corporate health promotion is low (Ministry of Health, Singapore, 1993). This is amazing in view of the high economic absenteeism rate arising from illness which is about seven days of medical leave per employee in 1991 and the huge amount of corporate medical expenses about $316 of medical cost per employee and annual corporate health care cost of around $416 million (Malik, 1993). 2.2 Effects of worksites wellness programme 2.2.1 Reduced employees absenteeism in organization The figure of sick hours and days an employee uses during a calendar year is referring to absenteeism (Leong, 1993). It is an important measure for monitoring the outcome of the effect of worksite wellness programme because it involved cost savings that may useable for company to development in other area. The economic effect of employee absenteeism are mainly from the costs of decreased productivity because of absenteeism cause from employees during working days, substitution of less experienced workers and the extra expense of hiring temporary workers. Every employee took an average of seven days of medical leave which causing in 10.4 million man days lost in 1991. Studies show that by implementing worksite wellness programme, absenteeism in the workplace can be deducted to at least 42 per cent (Gebhardt Crump, 1990). The latest research by using control grouping has found relations between reduction in absenteeism, health care costs and turnover rate and implementation of examina tion health promotion programmes (Klein, 1986). It has been forecasted that poor health and injury contribute for almost 60 per cent of all lost hours from work (Conrad, 1987). The main reason for absenteeism appears to be social psychological ones, which include work stress. As so, strategies oriented towards improving employee physical and emotional well-being have the possibility for impacting a main source of employee absence. There is much more pre-experimental type literature holds up the arguments that strengthen employee fitness level through wellness programs lead to reduction in absenteeism. At Blue Cross/Blue Shield of Ohio, USA, for instant, research indicated that as number of frequenly exercise increased, absenteeism in short term because of illness will be significantly decreased. This interpreted to about a day less of absenteeism a year for each frequent exerciser compared to non-exercisers (Lynch, 1990). An inversely proportional correlation between members involve d rates and the number of inattentive from work was also recorded at The Travellers Insurance (Shillingford Mackin, 1991). 2.2.2 Increased employees job satisfaction in organization Job satisfaction has become a critical issue in the workplace. Job satisfaction impacts the wellfare of employees and exercises a significant effect on the organization. Because of its outcome for the organization, involvement in job satisfaction is particularly high, for instant absenteeism and turnover (Cherrington, 1989) and for the worker, such as physical and mental health (ODonnell Ainsworth, 1984). As so, it is very important to have a satisfied workforce to become a competitive advantage for organizations. Research has shown that satisfied employees with improved spirit are more likely to contribute and hardworking as a consequence of an increased signify of duty, responsibility and an obligation to the superior or employer (Shinew Crossley, 1988). The question mark then started to come into the scenario whether introduce to worksite wellness programme would be applicable to increase employees spirit sufficiently to result in better job satisfaction. Affirmation to this question mark can be provided and shown by companies such as Johnson Johnson General Electric. For instant, in 1987, General Electric Company in Cincinnati, Ohio, USA served and functioned as host for a research to examine and note the similarities or differences of employees recreation participation with those of employees fitness participation. Comparison of overall job satisfaction among different employees and absenteeism were chosen randomly from a total of 900 employees through computerized personnel file. Results showed that employees who involves at any stage showed high job satisfaction and lesser absenteeism rate than employees who never take part from the beginning until the end (Baun, 1986). 2.2.3 Reduced employees stress in organization Stress in organizations is a serious issue among management practitioners because of its nonadaptive phenomenon on organizational effectiveness. According to the 1993 World Labour Report from the International Labour Organization, in twentieth century stress has become one of the most concern health issues. In the USA, job stress has been approximated to cost industries around US$200 billion every year, and stress is estimated to price up to 10 per cent of the gross national product in the United Kingdom (Tang Harumontree, 1992). There is research prove that frequently links occupational stress with certain physical health symptoms and diseases. Different kind of cancer, heart disease, migraine, allergies, ulcers, depression and an increased tendency of minor ailments for instant flu and colds which have been associated with stress (Sethi Schuler, 1990). Nowadays, there is a growing body of experimental and clinical research confirming the notion that physical fitness can direct to significant reductions in job stress. Uniform and exact physical activity has been shown to lessen the percentage of heart attacks, heart rate, mental disorders, muscle tension , blood pressure all and stress-interrelated indications. Research showed that frequently doing exercise can assist individuals by improving the level of resistance to any stimulus, so that a person is less expose to the effects of stress (Tarkan, 1991). Experts also stated that the best way that stress can be reduced were through joining fitness centre, yoga classes and educational seminars (Mobley, 1982). 2.3 The challenges of wellness programme in organization The United States 2004 National Worksite Health Promotion Survey reports that a successful worksite wellness programmes have facing five challenges (Linnan, Bowling, Childress, Lindsay, Blakey, Pronk, Wieker Royall, 2008). The survey found the following challenges; incompetence to prompt the support from upper management , 38% ; inadequate funds, 48.2%; failure to engage high-risk employees, 48%; insufficient staff resources, 50.1% , and lack of employee interest, 63.5% . According to Birken and Linnan (2006) these challenges should be identifying and addressing them by employers during the planning process as following. 2.3.1 Incompetence to prompt the support from upper management- The different level of management in the organization has different perception for the challenges to implement the worksites wellness programme (Orlandi, 1996). For example, the line supervisor or middle managers believe that the cost, space and production conflict were barriers while the senior manager had less focused and putting fewer efforts to overcome this challenge. 2.3.2 Inadequate funds- The lack of funds are the challenges often occurs when insufficient staff resources exists. When the worksites wellness programme is lack of designated staff to monitor, some potential funding or sources of support will be passed over. In United States, The Centres for Disease Control and Prevention provided organizations opportunities to funding for worksite wellness program (www.cdc.gov, 2010). 2.3.3 Failure to engage high-risk employees- High risk employees are those that have more health risk factors or those that have already tight with a chronic disease or illness (Haynes Dunnagan, 2002). High-risk employees might face challenges to participating in worksite wellness program than low-risk employees such as they will feel ill when participate in physical exercise programs (Emmons, Linnan, Abrams Lovell, 1996). According to Loeppke (2009) employers should integrating more personalized approach to encourage high risk employees to participate in the programs. For example, the employers should conducting a health coaching by using motivational interviewing to help the high risk employees changing their lifestyle behaviour to obtain healthier lifestyle. 2.3.4 Lack of Staff Resources- Staff resources are barriers for any program or activity that are not linked directly with companys business operation. Organization should provide staffs that interested and willing to organize the wellness programmes externally-sponsored training programs and wellness education workshop. For example, North Carolina State Division of Public Health has cooperated with the North Caronila State Health Plan to provide training workshop for state employees and teachers who interested in organizing employee wellness programme (www.statehealthplan.state.nc.us, 2006). 2.3.5 Lack of Employee Interest-. Employees interest in changing their behaviour and commitment to worksite wellness programme is the biggest challenges to a quality wellness program (Bonvissuto, 2010). According to Young (2006) some employees does not recognize the impact of worksite wellness programme which can enhance their personal health. Employees will lack of interest to participate for the worksite wellness programme due to this factor. A survey shows some reasons the employees not interesting in wellness program (Bates, 2009). The reasons shows as following: Inconvenient times of the program offered Lack of child care support The company benefits through this program and how it will affect the employees not being explained The program purpose is not clearly explained by organizer The advantages of the program to the employees cannot convey by lower level management under their authority Employees are annoyed and mistrustful with employer The program cost money to participants Hawks and Richins (1994) found that women were more probable to withdraw wellness programme than men (as cited in Erickson Gillespie, 1999 ). Hochschild (1989) explained this is caused by the family responsibility of married women as they need caring their children and keeping house. This will affects working women interest in participate the worksite wellness programme as they need to spend more time to caring their children after working hours. 2.4 The implementation process in worksites wellness programme The Wellness Council of America (WELCOA) was a United States not-for-profit organization which helped enhance the worksites wellness in the U.S (Hunnicutt Leffelman, 2008). WELCOA has become one of the important resources for worksite wellness in America and it have more than 3,200 organizations joined for its membership. Throughout the study of worksite wellness program for over 20 years, WELCOA Well Workplace model had defined seven critical steps for worksites wellness programme as following. 2.4.1 Capturing CEO Support- Gaining support from CEO is important to the process of developing worksite wellness programme. They found that some wellness programme that involved cost and tend to improve employees health failed to get a strong level management support. 2.4.2 Creating Cohesive Wellness Teams- After captured the CEO support the next process is create a cohesive wellness team. Teams are important to building successful wellness programmes. They help to distribute the responsibility for wellness throughout the organization. 2.4.3 Collecting Data to Drive Health Efforts- For the wellness team, their primary responsibility is to gather important data before start offering appropriate programmes. The data will be collected by using health risk appraisals, knowledge and interest surveys, and corporate culture audit. Data will clarify the specific area of health needs and interests within the organization so it is very important. 2.4.4 Carefully Crafting an Operating Plan- When the essential data have being collected, the organization has to develop health and wellness operating plan for employees. This operating plan will function as a roadmap and guidance to the company in order to having essential efforts and investment in workplace wellness. 2.4.5 Choosing Appropriate Interventions- After completed the first four processes, organization should begin selecting and implementing suitable wellness programme. These programmes include weight management, smoking cessation, physical management, stress management, and others. The selection of wellness programme is depends on what the companys data exposes. 2.4.6 Creating a Supportive Environment- Once choosing the appropriate interventions, organization should create a supportive environment for the programme. The employees will be supported and participated actively in the programme by having a supportive environment. The environmental interventions can be in the form of policies, physical modifications, incentives, and rewards. 2.4.7 Carefully Evaluating Outcomes- The final process for this model is carefully evaluating outcomes. The organizations should make the programme evaluation consistently. The evaluation targets include cost control, participant satisfaction, the participation rate, and behaviour modification. 2.5 The implementation methods of worksites wellness programme A survey shows that more than 81% of American businesses with 50 or more employees have offering worksites wellness programme (Homan, Nickelson, Zhu, 2007). The most popular wellness programme offered by businesses are smoking cessation, financial incentives, and physical activities or exercises. The selected program should be aligned with the organization factors which including: individual employee demographics, the company occupation, the employees health characteristic and companys objectives and goals. 2.5.1 Smoking Cessation Smoking is one of the most addictive habits, influencing behaviour of human beings and it is the biggest threats to world health (Yanbaeva, Dentener, Creutzberg, Wesseling Wouters, 2007). Peoples which smoke for life long will have a higher occurrence of common diseases such as atherosclerosis and lung cancer. Smoking cessation to employees is one of the methods which use by organizations in its wellness programme (Willemsem, Meijer Jannik, 1999). Smoking cessation in worksites is important as it will reduce non-smoker employee exposure of smoking and reducing workers tobacco consumption during working hour. 2.5.2 Financial Incentives Spaeder (2008) mentioned that worksites wellness programme also includes financial incentives and it applies in many companies (as cited in Kumar, et al., 2009). More than 70% of employees agreed that incentives programme motivate them to achieving healthy lifestyle. According to Cohn (2008), these incentives include cash prize, gift cards, or health insurance premiums. However, worksite wellness programmes financial incentives are bound by law (Mello Rosenthal, 2008). Under the provision of The United States Federal Law, The HIPAA Nondiscrimination Rules had determined the rules and regulations for employer which implementing incentives wellness programme in its organization (www.dol.gov, 2010). 2.5.3 Stress management The United States industry has been paid for employees stress-related absenteeism in high cost which affects more organization to develop stress management programme (Donovan Kleiner, 1994). Employees stress derived from these sources; physical, mental, and situational. Over work and poor diet are some causes that employees having physical stress. Mental stress can be found from employees mental state in mind such as fears. Situational stress is derived from employees interaction with outside world which including interaction with customers. The organization will determine the sources of stress facing by employees and implement appropriate methods to overcome their stress. Johnson Johnsons Live for Live programs which consist of stress management had significantly reduced employees absenteeism and health care expenditure( Ozminkowski, Goetzel, Bruno, Rutter, Isaac Wang, 2002). 2.5.4 Fitness programme Worksites fitness programmes are important for organization as it can lower employees absenteeism and job turnover (Wattles Harris, 2003). In United States, the fitness program offered by organizations such as on-site fitness centers has increased from 22% in 1985 to 42% in 1992. Besides reduce absenteeism and job turnover, participation in fitness activities can reduce employees risk of coronary heart disease (Cox Griffths, 1996). The majority of the regular exercisers reported they have less depression, stress and better sleep pattern. 2.5.5 Online Wellness Coach Some companies had also used online wellness coach to as their worksites wellness programme (Kumar, et al., 2009). The worlds biggest security company, American District Telegraph (ADT) had tackled employees health condition through their parent companys website, www.mytycohr.com. The major function of this website is enable the employees to check the companys wellness policies and apply health benefits that the company offers. The employees use this website as a guidance to manage stress, evade smoking, improving diet and other activities that will improve employees health. 2.5.6 Wellness Mentors Organization can also implementing wellness programme which conducting by the experts as worksites wellness mentors (Pollitt, 2007). Cadbury UK had implemented Nuffield Proactive Health (NPH) which conducted by NPH physiologist as their wellness programme. The employees who participated in this program were be given presentation from experts which covering various health and have an opportunity to reform positive team spirit during workout activities such as short-distance walk. The employees assessment for this wellness program was positive as 82 per cent employees increased awareness of their health and 52 per cent felt less stressed for works. 2.6 Case Summary This case study is about high absenteeism and healthcare cost by sick workers had effects some organizations to implement wellness policies. Wellness programme being designed as they found that about 70% sick workers healthcare cost was arise from preventable chronic diseases. As a result, one-third of small companies offer wellness programme such as onsite or offsite fitness centre, smoking cessation programmes, onsite health checks and others. Despite improving employees health, they will obtain impressive return on investment: which more than three dollars for every dollar they invested. Crown Laboratories had implemented wellness programmes as the employees absenteeism rate and healthcare cost was high. Its wellness programmes included onsite health assessments and smoking cessation even off hours to employees. Another company Weyco also implemented smoking cessation policy which the employees will be dismissing for failing stop smoking. Organizations smoking cessation policy may face employees dissatisfaction. Scotts Miracle-Gro Inc. had sued by its employees for alleging discrimination by law but the case is pending. 3.0 Question 1 What are the advantages and disadvantages of wellness policies such as the one that Crown Lab has implemented? 3.0.1 The Advantages of Wellness Programme The advantages of wellness programme is for organizations which offer wellness programmes to their employees are perceived more confidently by their employees in terms of their attitudes towards the organizations, job fulfillment stages and satisfaction with fringe benefits. One viewpoint is that employers who offer wellness programmes are deemed to be indicating care and concern for the welfare of their employees (Shinew Crossley, 1988) and the consequence is, improving employees attitudes and behaviour towards the organization. In terms of job satisfaction, employees in organizations with wellness programmes showing higher levels of job satisfaction than those with no wellness programmes, thus implying that wellness programmes may well have a positive impact on employees job satisfaction. This can be proven by the study by General Motor Company which shows that employees who involved in the fitness activities showed higher levels of job satisfaction than employees who did not take part (Baun, 1986). The reason is that frequently exercise improves employees state of feeling, self-image and self-esteem which in other land may direct to a larger amount of satisfaction with the work he or she does (Pritchard, 1990). Employees also uttered that they value wellness programmes as a vital and valuable fringe benefit, and the absence of such a gain may lead to better employee satisfaction. This can be viewed in the outcome whereby workforce in organizations with wellness programmes were notably more fulfilled with their fringe benefits than their counterparts in organizations with no wellness programmes (Schauffler Rodriguez, 1994). On the one hand, the Government has been promoting healthy living for example The great Singapore workout as a result causing people to be further health-conscious, and on the other hand, sarcastically, only a small number of organizations provide corporate wellness programmes for their workers and take it critically sufficient to allow it to be advantageous for their workers. 3.0.2 The Disadvantages of wellness programme. The first disadvantage of wellness programme is about privacy issues. Employees have true concerns regarding how their personal information will be handled. Many wellness programs have need of some sort of early assessment, and this evaluation can expose many wellbeing issues that the employee may hope to keep private (Lindsey, 1992). If an employee has an embarrassing illness or one that possibly will make him up to discrimination, he may not take part for fear of revelation. The second disadvantage is about the start-up cost incur in wellness programme. Many wide-ranging programs cost a good bit of capital to begin, which gets recouped after a while (Jackie, 1998). Although it may be an excellent proposal for an organization, starting an employee wellness program could not be a wise suggestion given your companys financial position at the time. The third disadvantage is the time constraint. According to American Heart Association (AHA) many single parents, employees with huge families and small children or those with an intense workload might not have the time to vigorously involvement in employee wellness programmes. If employee wellness is a true company main concern, then changes may possibly have to be made in work flow and procedures sequentially to let for involvement by employees. Lastly, the disadvantage of the wellness programme is the employee habits. Those employees who are health aware are by now exercising and watching what they consume. Companies arent going to alter their way of life with a wellness program. Those who need to adjust their lifestyle may keep away from joining as they are not actually motivated to make the changes crucially to be fit (Laura, 1999). In this situation, unless companies are doing a good job with promoting and recruiting for the program then companies will have an ideal wellness program that it should be. 3.1 Question 2 What are the ethical implications of policies such as this? How much control should companies have over employees lifestyles away from the workplace? Crown lab and Scotts Miracle-Gro companies throws up several ethical concerns linked with the position of organizations in the lives of their employees. One of the concerns is that commercial motives may break ethical norms in the use of information resulting since the monitoring of employee programmes. Fielding (1990) notes the significance of employee reliance that confidentiality will be maintained and relates this to concerns over employee observation and broader arguments over the right of privacy. This relates back to Conrad and Walshs (1992) concern over the ethics of screening for health and fitness. Ethical issues take place when employers have to make decisions among economic and humanistic alternatives for instance, possible sick time, lower output, or whether the human caring position is prioritized. Employees might be positioned in a difficult condition, whereby implicit pressure is applied to fulfill with an exacting healthy lifestyle communication. Next, Grant and Bris bin (1992) also stated that consideration have to be given to the expected objections which will be raised by the non-health a