Biology Notes

Biology Notes 19/25/09•CytoskeletonoMaintains cell shape and provides supportoGives cells mechanisms for movementoSets up tracks for motor proteins to carry things in the cello3 types of components:1. Microfilaments (7 nanometers):a. Made of proteins such as actin and myosinb. May exist as a single fiberc. May be in a bundled. May form a large networke. Important for cell contractionsf. Give the plasma membrane its shapeg. Involved with cytoplasmic streamingi. Making the cytoplasm move and not stay stagnanth. Important for formation of pseudopodsi. Allow for the movement of smaller eukaryotesi. Important for bringing things into the cellj. Important for cell divisionk. Form microvilli2. Intermediate Filaments (8-12 nanometers)a. Found in multicellular organismsb. Form rope-like assemblagesc. Stabilize cell structured. Important for resisting tensione. Form nuclear laminaf. Hold organelles and nucleus in place3. Microtubules (Up to 25 nanometers)a. Hollow cylinders, made of tubulin proteinb. Pr ovide rigid, interskeletal frameworkc. Act as a track for motor proteinsd. Motor proteins associate with tubulini.Dynein: Moves a vesicle towards the negative end (interior)ii. Kinesin: Moves a vesicle towards the positive end (periforate)e. Associated with locomotion appendagesf. Help form the cilia and flagellai.9 on outside, 2 on insideg. Important for forming centriolesi. Centriole: Center of the cell during cell division. Helps move the chromosomes during cell division.9/30/09•Cell Wall (Plant Cells)oMade of celluloseoComplex polysaccharides associated with proteinsoInsulates plasma membrane to prevent rupture==Protects against turgor pressure•Turgor Pressure: Internal pressure exerted on the cell membrane•Extracellular Matrix (ECM)oComposed of fibrous proteins (collagen, elastic fibers)==Allow for rigidnessoGlycoproteinsoIt holds cells together to form tissuesoIt contributes to the physical properties of the tissue==Connective Tissue: Cells associated with the ECMà ‚•Bone•BloodoFilters material that passes between cellsoOrients cell movement==Releases chemical signalsoEmbryonic developmentCh. 5•Cell membranes are bilayered and dynamicoDynamic: Membrane is continuously forming, it can move around, and it can fuse with other membranes•Fluid Mosaic ModeloInterior of membrane is fluid, allowing some...

Chemical and Physical Properties of Gold

Chemical and Physical Properties of Gold Gold is an element that was known to ancient man and has always been prized for its color. It was used as jewelry in prehistoric times, alchemists spent their lives trying to transmute other metals into gold, and it is still one of the most prized metals.   Gold  Basics Atomic Number: 79Symbol: AuAtomic Weight: 196.9665Discovery: known since prehistoric timeElectron Configuration: [Xe]6s14f145d10Word Origin: Sanskrit Jval; Anglo-Saxon gold; meaning gold - also Latin aurum, shining dawnIsotopes: There are 36 known isotopes of gold ranging from Au-170 to Au-205. There is only one stable isotope of gold: Au-197. Gold-198, with a half-life of 2.7 days, has been used to treat cancer and other illnesses. Gold  Physical Data Density (g/cc): 19.3Melting Point ( °K): 1337.58Boiling Point ( °K): 3080Appearance: soft, malleable, yellow metalAtomic Radius (pm): 146Atomic Volume (cc/mol): 10.2Covalent Radius (pm): 134Ionic Radius: 85 (3e) 137 (1e)Specific Heat (20 °C J/g mol): 0.129Fusion Heat (kJ/mol): 12.68Evaporation Heat (kJ/mol): ~340Debye Temperature ( °K): 170.00Pauling Negativity Number: 2.54First Ionizing Energy (kJ/mol): 889.3Oxidation States: 3, 1. The oxidation states -1, 2 and 5 exist but are rare.Lattice Structure: Face-Centered Cubic (FCC)Lattice Constant (Ã…): 4.080Specific Gravity (20 °C): 18.88CAS Registry Number: 7440-57-5 Properties In mass, gold is a yellow-colored metal, although it may be black, ruby, or purple when finely divided. Gold is a good conductor of electricity and heat. It is not affected by exposure to air or to most reagents. It is inert and a good reflector of infrared radiation. Gold is usually alloyed to increase its strength. Pure gold is measured in troy weight, but when gold is alloyed with other metals the term karat is used to express the amount of gold present. Common Uses for Gold Gold is used in coinage and is the standard for many monetary systems. It  is used for jewelry, dental work, plating, and reflectors. Chlorauric acid (HAuCl4) is used in photography for toning silver images. Disodium aurothiomalate, administered intramuscularly, is a treatment for arthritis. Where Gold Is Found   Gold is found as the free metal and in tellurides. It is widely distributed and almost always associated with pyrite or quartz. Gold is found in veins and in alluvial deposits. Gold occurs in sea water in the amount of 0.1 to 2 mg/ton, depending on the location of the sample. Gold Trivia Gold is one of the few elements that can be found in its native state.Gold is the most malleable and ductile metal. One ounce of gold can be beaten out to 300 ft2 or stretched into a wire 2000 kilometers long (1 ÃŽ ¼m thick).The melting point of gold is an assigned value, which serves as a calibration point for the International Temperature Scale and International Practical Temperature Scale.The gold ion in the 1 oxidation state (Au(I)) is called the aurous ion.The gold ion in the 3 oxidation state (Au(III)3) is called the auric ion.Compounds containing gold in the -1 oxidation state are called aurides. (Cesium and rubidium can form auride compounds)Gold is one of the noble metals. Noble metal is an alchemical term for metals that do not corrode under normal conditions.Gold is the seventh most dense metal.Metallic gold has no odor or taste.Gold has been used as jewelry since prehistoric times. Today, gold in jewelry is not pure gold. Jewelry gold is made of many different gold alloys . Gold is resistant to most acids. The acid aqua regia is used to dissolve gold.Elemental gold metal is considered non-toxic and occasionally used as a food additive.Transmuting lead into gold was one of the major gold of the alchemists. Modern nuclear chemists have found methods to accomplish this historic task.​ References   Los Alamos National Laboratory (2001), Crescent Chemical Company (2001), Langes Handbook of Chemistry (1952) International Atomic Energy Agency ENSDF database (Oct 2010)